Paul O. Dillon, Attorney at Law

Have a Trust or Use Payable-On-Death Account to Pass Wealth?

People use trusts and payable-on-death (POD) accounts to avoid having assets pass through probate. Nevertheless, trusts have several benefits to consider, explains a recent article from The Oregonian: “Liz Weston: What are benefits of living trusts over cheaper payable-on-death accounts?”

Imagine you want to benefit two loved ones and want them both to receive the same size inheritance. You create a savings account naming one person as a joint owner with the POD account. For the second, you open a brokerage account and name the other person as the account's beneficiary. The balances in both accounts may start out the same, but one may grow significantly over time while the other lags in value.

If the assets were placed in a trust, you could simply name both people as beneficiaries to receive equal shares, regardless of where the assets are placed.

Trusts also allow the grantor (the person creating the trust) to restrict when assets are distributed and even how the money is spent. If the trust is created to benefit a minor child, for example, you can direct the trust to distribute money for the child's health, welfare and education. If your beneficiary isn’t good at managing money, a trustee can be empowered to control the amount of money being distributed so it doesn’t vanish.

If one of your heirs is disabled and receives financial support from government programs, any inheritance could make them ineligible to receive benefits. In this case, you’d want to create a Special Needs Trust with an experienced estate planning attorney who would structure the trust to protect their eligibility and improve their quality of life.

Another benefit: if you become incapacitated, having a trust and a successor trustee means someone else can manage funds for you. They could pay your bills for you, for example, whereas someone named in a POD account can’t access funds until you have died. Your family may have to go to court to get access to the funds to pay for your living expenses, which takes time and can be costly.

Your last will and testament names an executor, the person responsible for administering your estate. This includes paying outstanding bills, taxes and funeral expenses, among other tasks. If all your assets are distributed to beneficiaries using POD accounts, the executor may have to ask beneficiaries to pay for the estate’s expenses. The POD beneficiaries are under no legal requirement to pay for your final expenses, which could create an unpleasant situation for the executor. A trustee could cover these costs for your estate and executor.

POD accounts sound like a good idea. However, they can lead to unexpected problems for family members. A better alternative is to consult an estate planning attorney and create an estate plan, including a will and trust, to protect you, your executor and your family.

Reference: The Oregonian (Oct. 5, 2024) “Liz Weston: What are benefits of living trusts over cheaper payable-on-death accounts?”

Can an Irrevocable Trust Be Changed or Ended?

Headlines around Rupert Murdoch’s estate battle concern his wish to change an irrevocable trust to give one son an elevated role and more control of his empire. The other siblings have taken their father to court. According to a recent article from Market Watch, “No trust is set in stone. Even irrevocable trusts can have some wiggle room.” What does this mean for regular people who want to change irrevocable trusts?

Trusts are legal structures in which the person creating the trust, the grantor, passes assets to another person or entity, referred to as the beneficiary. Revocable trusts can, as their name implies, be changed by the grantor at any time. Trusts are used to pass wealth to heirs, pass assets without needing to go through probate, maintain privacy and remove assets from the taxable estate.

Irrevocable trusts are intended to be permanent and transfer control of assets when they are created. Many are used for tax planning, while others help families to help a parent become eligible for Medicaid. For blended families, irrevocable trusts ensure that assets are distributed to spouses and biological children as per the wishes of the grantor.

Despite the name, there are ways to make changes to irrevocable trusts by knowledgeable estate planning attorneys. For new irrevocable trusts, careful drafting of the trust with built-in flexibility is critical. Some common provisions today are for the grantor to have the ability to change the trustee, amend terms, change beneficiaries and even revoke the trust.

If the original grantor is incapacitated or dies, a “trust protector” can be named to change the trust.

Decanting the trust is another way to make a change. Just as it sounds, this process involves having the assets in one trust decanted (or poured) into another trust. One example is if a family has created a multi-generation irrevocable trust, and the next generation includes a person with substance abuse issues. The family doesn’t want this person to have access to large sums. The trust is “decanted,” and assets move from the original trust to another with more restrictive provisions.

Consult with an experienced estate planning attorney to be sure that any changes to an irrevocable trust align with your state’s laws. If you are creating a new irrevocable trust, discuss having flexibility built into the trust.

Reference: Market Watch (Sept. 28, 2024) “No trust is set in stone. Even irrevocable trusts can have some wiggle room.”

Estate Planning When You’re Single

For one woman, the wake-up call arrived when listening to a friend explain all the tasks she needed to perform for her 91-year-old mother, whose needs were increasing rapidly. Solo agers, people who are growing older without spouses, adult children, or other family members, are now a significant part of the older population, says the article “Going Solo: How to Plan for Retirement When You’re on Your Own” from The New York Times.

Seniors who are married or have adult children have many of the same retirement planning issues as their solo ager counterparts. However, figuring out the answers requires different solutions. Managing future healthcare issues, where to live and how to ensure that retirement savings lasts needs a different approach.

Options must be addressed sooner rather than later. Estate planning is a core part of the plan. While you can’t plan everything, you can anticipate and prepare for certain events.

Determining who you can count on in a healthcare crisis and to handle your financial and legal issues is key. This is challenging when no obvious answers exist. However, it should not be avoided. You’ll need an estate plan with advance directives to convey your wishes for medical treatment and end-of-life care.

An estate planning attorney will help draw up a Power of Attorney, so someone of your choice can step in to make legal and financial issues if you become incapacitated. You’ll also want a Healthcare Proxy to name a person who can make medical decisions on your behalf if you can’t communicate your wishes. While it’s comfortable to name a trusted friend, what would happen if they aren’t able to serve? A younger person you know and trust is a better choice for this role.

A Last Will and Testament is needed to establish your wishes for distributing property. Your will is also used to name an executor who administers the will. Think about people you trust who are a generation or two younger than you, like a niece or nephew or the adult child of someone you know well. You’ll need to talk with them about taking on this role; don’t spring it on them after you’ve passed. Just because someone is named an executor doesn’t mean they have to accept the role.

Where you age matters. From safety and socialization standpoints, aging alone in a single-family home may not be the best option. Having a strong network of friends is important for the solo ager. Moving to a planned community with various support systems may be better than aging in place. Explore other housing options while you are still able to live on your own, so you can make an informed choice if and when the time comes for community living.

A combination of professional help will make the solo aging journey better. An experienced estate planning attorney, financial advisor and health insurance source can help you navigate the legal and business side of your life. Check with your town’s senior center for available social services and activities resources.

Reference: The New York Times (Sept. 21, 2024) “Going Solo: How to Plan for Retirement When You’re on Your Own”

Curated a Collection? You Need an Estate Plan for It

If you’re wondering if you need an estate plan, the simple answer is yes. The reasons are many, but among them is the answer to this question posed in an article from Morningstar, “A dilemma of the ultrawealthy: Who inherits the wine and art collections?”

The number of zeroes appearing after your estate value doesn’t matter to the courts who will decide what happens to your assets after you die if you don’t have a will. If you don’t have a last will and testament, your family will have to go through months or even years of sorting through your affairs. The entire estate will go through probate, which is costly and takes time. Without an estate plan, your heirs will see any inheritance shrink after state and federal estate taxes.

A better way is to have an estate plan created. You need a Power of Attorney and Healthcare Proxy to allow a trusted person to make legal and medical decisions on your behalf if you become incapacitated. You need a will to name an executor, a person of your choosing, to manage your estate after your death. If you have young children, you want to name the person who will take care of them and not hope the court doesn’t pick a family member whose lifestyle and values don’t match your own.

What about the collection you’ve spent a lifetime diligently assembling, thinking it will have greater value for heirs than a traditional financial investment plan? Whether you have a coin or stamp collection, own a small fleet of midcentury cars, or enjoyed curating a wine cellar, your collection has limited appeal for your heirs. Younger generations aren’t as interested as you think in these items, either as a means of amassing wealth or something to fight with their siblings over when you’ve passed.

When faced with shrugs over who wants what from the collection, most people put their heads in the sand and expect the children to figure it out after they’re gone. For one sports memorabilia collector, the eye-opening moment came when he sat down with his adult children to discuss their role in continuing his collection. No one was interested.

His response was proactive. He created a spreadsheet of the assets meticulously documenting their provenance, value and where they could best be sold. He also included information tracking the life-cycle of the collectibles, documenting the family’s lack of interest in the collection and insurance protection.

Another example of the importance of documentation came from the experience of a woman whose uncle had a massive coin collection. Twenty boxes of coins were set out in the family’s den, and she spent evenings creating an equally massive spreadsheet. The spreadsheet was submitted to a reputable antiques company, which sent a representative to review and purchase the collection only because the documentation was thorough and the coins had some value. It must be said—the coin collection was valued at far less than expected.

Depending on the collection, your estate planning attorney may also suggest making a charitable donation to a local, regional, or major cultural center. If you have a collection of movie posters, for instance, a local independent cinema might be able to auction them off at a fundraiser.

Addressing collections of any kind and planning for their eventual sale or distribution should be part of your estate plan. An experienced estate planning attorney can help create an estate plan to protect your assets, even those your heirs don’t value the way you do.

Reference: Morningstar (September 3, 2024) “A dilemma of the ultrawealthy: Who inherits the wine and art collections?”

How Does Probate Work?

Very few Americans know how long it takes to settle an estate or how probate works and are surprised when their inheritance takes months, if not years, to arrive. This, according to an article from USA Today, “Inheritance on hold? Most Americans don’t understand the time and expense of probate,” may become a problem over the next twenty years. During that time, boomers, who control about half the wealth in America, will be passing, and as much as $84 trillion is expected to move from one generation to the next.

Most inheritances are expected to go to millennials, who don’t know if their parents have an estate plan. Only half have spoken with their parents about estate plans, and more than half of all millennials don’t have a will or trust in place.

The tendency to avoid what we don’t understand, plus our discomfort with talking about money and death, is something to overcome, say estate planning attorneys.

The first parent to die isn’t where most people encounter probate. If the parent had an estate plan created, their will usually passes most assets to the surviving spouse or to a trust set up for beneficiaries. However, when the second parent dies, the adult children are the ones to deal with serving as executors, selling the family home, paying estate taxes, and waiting for probate to be finished before receiving their inheritance.

Some accounts pass by beneficiary designations, where the account owner names the people, they want to receive the asset upon their death. These assets don’t go through probate and are more straightforward for heirs.

State laws differ, so if your parents live in another state, the will is probated where they live. If there is no will, the court will apply state laws to distribute property, and the family won’t have any say in what happens to a person’s property, which could include items with great sentimental value, investments, and real estate.

Step one is working with an experienced estate planning attorney to create an estate plan to avoid or minimize probate. The estate plan also includes documents to control who will manage assets if a person becomes incapacitated, as well as who will manage their medical care. These documents are Power of Attorney and Health Care Power of Attorney.

Talking with parents, or parents talking with their children, about estate plans, is very important for all concerned, even if it is difficult. If children live in different stages, an online gathering is better than waiting until everyone is together for a holiday.

Reference: USA Today (July 30, 2024) “Inheritance on hold? Most Americans don’t understand the time and expense of probate”

Can You Prepare for the Unexpected in Life?

It often takes a dramatic event, like an accident or illness, to wake us up to the importance of planning for the future. A recent article, “Are you prepared for a life-changing event?” from the Chattanooga Times Free Press, begins with a letter from a reader who experienced a bad car accident. At age 55, he had no plan for long-term care and questioned what he needed to do to protect himself and his family.

Step one in planning to protect the family is to have term, universal, or whole life insurance. Depending upon your financial situation, you likely need personal life insurance in addition to what you receive through employment.

Long-term care is missing from many people’s plans. The best time to purchase a long-term care insurance policy is during your thirties or forties when you are likely in relatively good health. This is usually not the time that people are thinking about long term care, unfortunately. The younger you are, the less costly they will be. Ensure that any policy includes at-home care and care provided in a nursing or other skilled care facility.

You may end up purchasing a life/annuity insurance policy with a provision for long-term care coverage. Since there are fewer and fewer life insurance companies selling long-term care coverage, this may be your best option.

Planning for the future also means having an estate plan prepared by an experienced estate planning attorney. You’ll need a power of attorney for you and your spouse, so you can manage their personal affairs if they are too sick or injured to do so themselves. This is not automatically granted because you are married, so don’t overlook it. If no one is a POA and something happens, you may end up having your affairs managed by someone the court has appointed instead of a loved one.

You’ll also need to have a medical power of attorney, sometimes called a health care power of attorney, so you and your spouse can act on each other’s behalf if you are incapacitated. Being someone’s married spouse used to be enough for this, but not in today’s highly regulated (and litigious) environment.

A living will is tough to contemplate. However, it is a blessing for those you love. This document is used to state your wishes if you should become incapacitated. Do you want to be kept alive by artificial means? In what situations would you want to be resuscitated? Your estate planning attorney can explain the different options to consider.

Your last will and testament is used to distribute property in the event of your death. These documents are state-specific, so you’ll want to work with an attorney in your jurisdiction. They can be combined with trusts to help minimize federal and state estate taxes and control how assets are distributed.

Speak with an experienced estate planning attorney to clarify your wishes and prepare you for the future, in the short and long term.

Reference: Chattanooga Times Free Press (July 6, 2024) “Are you prepared for a life-changing event?”

Your College Student Needs a Power of Attorney for Finance and Healthcare

Once a child reaches the age of legal majority, they are considered an adult with privacy rights.  This means that parents lose access to private information. This can have dire consequences if the student is involved in an accident or gets seriously ill, explains the article “Navigating The Transition To Adulthood: A Legal Guide For Parents” from mondaq. With proactive steps, parents can address these situations before they occur.

Whether or not your insurance covers your child’s healthcare doesn’t matter. Without a Healthcare POA, parents cannot make medical decisions, speak with healthcare providers, or talk with the health insurance company. Parents are strongly urged to have their college-bound student complete a Healthcare Power of Attorney.

If there is no POA and the child is incapacitated, parents will have to go to court to be able to make medical decisions for their child. Hospitals and healthcare providers are extremely strict about following these rules to avoid litigation and fines. No matter how bad the situation is, don’t expect any rules to be bent.

Your adult child should also have a Living Will. This is a document controlling decisions about end-of-life. It only becomes effective when a person is in a state of permanent unconsciousness, like a coma, or if they are terminally ill. The student uses this document to express their wishes concerning care: do they want to be artificially fed, hydrated, or kept alive by extraordinary means? Do they want to become an organ donor? This document conveys their wishes and can save the family an unimaginable amount of added stress during a trying time.

A Durable Power of Attorney is used to name a person, known as an “agent” or “attorney in fact,” to act on their behalf. The agent can take care of legal and financial matters. This is needed in case of incapacity so the parent or trusted person may deal with financial institutions, colleges, courts and any other company or organization on behalf of the student. Without it, parents cannot access account information or act on the student’s behalf.

Does your student need a will? The estate planning attorney who helps create the documents listed above can help you answer this question. Depending on their situation, if the student owns a car, has a bank account, an inheritance, or sizable cryptocurrency accounts, they may need a will.

The documents mentioned above should also be in place for parents. If parents don’t have a will, Power of Attorney, Healthcare Power of Attorney, Living Will and trusts, if appropriate, their newly minted adult will have a lot to deal with if they should both die unexpectedly. A visit to the estate planning attorney for all generations is a good idea.

Reference: mondaq (June 24, 2024) “Navigating The Transition To Adulthood: A Legal Guide For Parents”

Top Myths of Estate Planning

There are far more than five myths about estate planning. However, the article “5 common myths about estate planning, debunked” from Utah Business examines the most common ones. Estate planning is crucial to safeguarding your financial future and asset disposition and ensuring that the right people are involved in caring for you in case of incapacity. Estate planning is for your life and your legacy.

Biggest myth of all: You only need a Will for estate planning. Your estate plan begins with a Last Will and Testament. However, a comprehensive estate plan addresses more than the distribution of assets. Trusts are used to ensure that assets are transferred to the right beneficiaries in a timelier manner than they would be if passed through your will. Your estate plan should include a Power of Attorney, Health Care Directive and a Living Will.

Myth 2: Only seniors need estate plans. Anyone of legal age who has a family and owns property needs a will. Young families need an estate plan to protect their children and ensure that the parent’s assets and any life insurance proceeds are managed and distributed to their children according to the parent’s wishes. Parent’s wills need to include naming a guardian to raise children in the unlikely event of both parents dying while the children are still minors. Without naming a guardian, a court decision will determine who raises your children.

Myth 3: Only rich people need wills. An argument could be made that estate planning is more critical for people who aren’t rich, protecting and growing more modest estates. A well-crafted estate plan will protect the estate from creditors, deter litigation between family members and minimize tax liabilities so wealth can be passed to the next generation.

Myth 4: Estate planning is only about what happens after death. Estate planning addresses what should happen in case of incapacity because of illness or an accident. If you can’t communicate your wishes, these documents allow others to act on your behalf. A Power of Attorney appoints someone to handle your financial and legal matters. Standard POAs aren’t the best option, since they may allow someone too much or insufficient control. You’ll also want a Health Care Power of Attorney so someone you name can take over your medical care and talk with your doctors and health insurance company. Another reason for placing assets into a trust is that the successor trustee may manage assets in the trust if you are incapacitated.

Myth 5: Once your estate plan is created, you’re all set. Your car and home require ongoing maintenance—and so does your estate plan. Life and laws change, and your estate plan won’t work if it’s outdated. Triggering events like marriage, divorce, birth, relocating, or big changes to your financial situation require a review of your estate plan.

Consult an experienced estate planning attorney to create or review your estate plan. You’ll breathe easier knowing you’ve taken steps to protect yourself and your loved ones.

What If You Don’t Have Anyone to Be Your Executor?

A couple in their 70s are trying to complete their estate plan but can’t determine who should be their trustee or executor. It’s a second marriage for both. They each have an adult child, but neither child can serve. There are no other living relatives, and all their friends are also in their 70s.

The couple gets kudos for tackling this complex issue, according to the article “We’re in our 70s and don’t trust our family to handle our estate. What can we do?” from Market Watch. Most people give up at this point and then run into problems in the future, either because of incapacity or because the death of the first spouse leaves the surviving spouse in a difficult situation.

The first place to start is conversing with your estate planning attorney. They will likely know of a professional trustee or company providing “estate administration services.” It may be possible that they offer this service in their own office, too.

If this isn’t satisfactory, speak with a major financial institution, which will likely be insured and subject to state and federal regulations. They may handle your financial and personal information, such as distributing assets, closing down accounts, handling digital assets and filing income and estate tax returns.

Consider the window of time. You’ll want to be sure the person or bank will still be operating in ten to twenty years. You’ll also want to be sure they are a fiduciary. This means they are legally bound to put your interests above their own, which a court can enforce.

The fees will depend upon the size of your assets and the entity you choose. A large bank will usually charge a certain percentage of your assets. Some use a sliding scale, like 5% on the first $100,000 and a lower percentage as the asset level rises. A $1 million estate could cost around $30,000 to administer.

If a professional trustee is the same person who is administering your trusts, there will be additional fees. The assets in the trust will need to be managed, including investing, making distributions and paying taxes. Many professional trustees handle special needs trusts, where parents have left money for disabled adult children, and administer trusts for family members.

Sometimes, a professional trustee is a good idea, even when family members are available. Naming a professional, whether an institution or an individual, can alleviate concerns about family dynamics interfering with your wishes.

Reference: Market Watch (June 15, 2024) “We’re in our 70s and don’t trust our family to handle our estate. What can we do?”

What Information Should Be in a Will?

While it’s clearly more fun to plan for a baby shower than to contemplate your own mortality, making arrangements for the eventualities of life as we age—including incapacity and, yes, our own passing—does bring peace of mind. It’s necessary for everyone 18 and older, says a recent article from BestLife, “The 10 Most Important Things to Include in Your Will, Experts Say.”

The reason is simple: if you are incapacitated and cannot speak for yourself regarding healthcare decisions or your financial life, you need someone to do so for you. This is as much a part of your estate plan as asset distribution.

Planning for incapacity includes having a Power of Attorney (POA) and possibly a lifetime or revocable trust. The POA assigns someone else to manage everyday financial matters. The Healthcare POA is used to designate someone else to make medical decisions on your behalf if you can’t do so. You’ll need to discuss these roles with the person or people being named to ensure that they are comfortable with the responsibilities. Be sure that your Healthcare POA knows your wishes regarding medical directives and will carry them out, even if they feel differently about your wishes.

Your Last Will and Testament is part of a group of documents, including the POAs mentioned above. A will is used to name an executor who administers your estate. The executor has a large task, including gathering information for all assets, filing final taxes and estate taxes, paying off debts, notifying family members and distributing assets. Your executor should be someone you trust and who has the financial acumen to take on all these tasks, as well as managing heirs who don’t always appreciate the executor’s responsibilities.

You’ll need backups for all the people in all roles. Let’s say you chose a respected friend of many years to be your executor. If they become ill or die themselves, who will oversee your estate? You need a second, or even a third, backup executor to be named in your will. The same goes for trusts. A successor trustee is necessary to be sure that your trust and its assets are in good hands.

Minor children or dependents are protected through a will that is used to name a guardian (and a backup guardian) for minor children. If no one is named, the court will decide who will raise your child(ren). Similar issues need to be addressed, such as when you would want your children to receive an inheritance—all at once or when they reach legal age. Could it be specific percentages based on age? Picking the right person and creating a plan will ensure that the children have a good life, even in your absence.

Keeping wills up to date is critical to ensuring that your wishes are followed at every stage of life.  Everyone involved should know where the original copy of the will is located. Some estate planning attorneys will safeguard your will, while others recommend keeping it at home in a fire and water-proof safe. Whichever route you take, tell your executor and family members where it can be found.

Discuss the use of trusts with your estate planning attorney. Using trusts can minimize the amount of your estate needing to go through probate, which can be time-consuming and costly.

Don’t neglect your furry or feathered friends. If your lifestyle includes companion animals who are dear to you, consider who would take care of them if you became incapacitated or died. You can use a pet trust to provide assets for their care and name a caretaker, so they don’t end up in a shelter.

Avoid family battles by including your wishes for personal possessions with special meaning in your will. Family heirlooms, artwork and jewelry are among the items families fight over. Spare your family this stress by naming them in your will or gifting them while you are still living.

Digital assets have become a part of our modern lives. Suppose you leave a list of accounts, usernames, passwords and specific directions for your wishes. In that case, your executor will need to be able to manage your digital assets, including financial accounts, photos, subscriptions, airline miles, email and social media accounts.

If you wish to leave assets to a charity, you can do so in your will or make gifts before you die. Speak with your estate planning attorney about how to bequeath assets to a charity, which should be done in alignment with your overall estate plan.

Reference: BestLife (May 3, 2024) “The 10 Most Important Things to Include in Your Will, Experts Say”