Paul O. Dillon, Attorney at Law

Mega-IRAs Could Be a Source for New Public Policies

There are few specifics but owners of “mega” IRA accounts worth more than $5 million might be presented with new withdrawal requirements, if legislation for a new national safety net becomes law. For a very small slice of the American population, IRAs have become million and even billion dollar tax deferred accounts, according to a recent article from CNBC titled “Democrats may change the rules for ‘mega’ IRAs over $5 million."

There are roughly two dozen tax categories being considered by Congress to help raise money for the expansion of the nation’s safety net, which for now is anticipated to have a $3.5 trillion price tag.

The policy concept was spotted on a draft of ideas lawmakers assemble before formally pitching the ideas before their colleagues. Floating game-changing ideas to gauge response is part of today’s legislative process.

The list didn’t include a specific amount but suggests a limit of $5 million. It also included information regarding the number of mega IRA accounts. Apparently, the number of IRA accounts worth more than $5 million has tripled in the past ten years.

In contrast, the average American’s IRA is valued around $39,000.

The idea is part of a broader theme of raising revenue from the wealthy to pay for social needs, like education, address climate change, assist working families with paid leave, childcare and other basic human needs.

It may have been sparked by a recent report that one of the founders of PayPal owns a Roth IRA valued at $5 billion. IRAs were created as a means of encouraging working Americans to save for retirement. However, they have become huge tax shelters for the wealthy.

More than 28,600 taxpayers owned IRAs worth more than $5 million in 2019, but they account for less than a tenth of 1% of the 70 million Americans who have a traditional or Roth IRA. The mega accounts add up to $280 billion, or about 3% of the total $8.6 trillion owed in IRAs.

Limiting the size of tax-deferred retirement accounts isn’t new. Several attempts have been made to cap the amount in IRAs or change distribution rules.

The final legislation may not be known for some time, but one response to this proposal would be to convert traditional IRAs to a Roth. Paying taxes at the time of the conversion, even if done over time, could be useful to eliminate having to pay taxes on the funds, if withdrawal rules change. In addition, there are no Required Minimum Distributions (RMDs) on Roth IRAs, so funds can grow tax free for the life of the owner.

Reference: CNBC (Sep. 8, 2021) “Democrats may change the rules for ‘mega’ IRAs over $5 million”

Gifting Can Help Estate Plans and Heirs Reach Goals

The applicable exclusion amount for gift/estate tax purposes is $11.58 million in 2020, a level that makes incorporating gifting into estate plans very attractive for high net-worth families. If a donor’s taxable gift—one that does not qualify for the annual, medical or education exclusion—is in excess of this amount, or if the value of the donor’s aggregate taxable gifts is higher than this amount, the federal gift tax will be due by April 15 of the following year. The current gift tax rate is 40%.

This presents an opportunity, as described in detail in the article “The Case for Gifting Now (or At Least Planning for the Possibility” from The National Law Review.

If the exclusion is used during one’s lifetime, it reduces the amount of the exemption available at death to shelter property from the estate tax. With proper planning, spouses may currently gift or die with assets totally as much as $23.16 million, with no gift or federal estate tax.

To gain perspective on how high this exclusion is, in 2000-2001, the applicable exclusion amount was $675,000.

The exclusion amount will automatically decrease to approximately $6.5 million on January 1, 2026, unless changes are made by Congress before that time to continue the current exclusion amount. Now is a good time to have a conversation with your estate planning attorney about making gifts in advance of the scheduled decrease and/or any changes that may occur in the future. The following are reasons why this exemption may be lowered:

• Trillions of dollars in federal stimulus spending necessitated by the COVID-19 pandemic and the severe economic downturn in the U.S.
• Past precedent of passing tax legislation mid-year and applying it retroactively to January 1.
• A possible change in party control for the presidency and/or the Senate
• The use of the budget reconciliation process to pass changes to taxes.

In the 100-plus year history of the estate tax, the exemption has never gone down. However, the exemption has also never been this high. The possibility of a compressed timeframe for family business owners and wealthy individuals to implement lifetime gifts before any legislative change may make a tidal wave of gifting transactions challenging between now and December 31, 2020. Now is the time to start planning and take action to utilize the exclusion amount.

Reference: The National Review (Aug. 20, 2020) “The Case for Gifting Now (or At Least Planning for the Possibility”

Is the Tradition of Mailing Social Security Statements Coming Back?

Years ago, the Social Security Administration mailed annual statements that detailed earnings and estimated future benefits. That stopped in 2011, and now paper statements are mailed only to those ages 60 and up who haven’t created an online account.

CNBC’s recent article, “Millions of Americans aren’t receiving Social Security statements in the mail. A new bill aims to change that,” says that a few Congressional lawmakers are advocating to reinstate those mailings for all workers ages 25 and up—unless they opt to access that information online instead. All workers have the ability to access the data in the statements, such as including earnings, contributions, and estimated future benefits, by creating an online account at the MySocialSecurity website.

A new piece of legislation, entitled the Know Your Social Security Act, wants to reinstate those statements for all workers ages 25 and up. The bipartisan legislation was introduced by Reps. John Larson, D-Conn., and Vern Buchanan, R-Fla., along with Sens. Bill Cassidy, R-La., and Ron Wyden, D-Ore.

However, the bill sponsors contend that online access is inadequate, because only 40% of those with MySocialSecurity accounts accessed their online statements last year. In 2019, statements were mailed to about 15 million people. There are currently more than 175 million workers with earnings that are covered by the Social Security program.

In addition to reinstating the tradition of mailed statements, the Act also seeks to clarify the procedures the SSA should follow in the digital age.

Under the bill, the agency wouldn’t have to send a paper statement to those who view that information online and actively decline to receive a mailed document for that year. Mailed statements would be sent out, if a worker requests it.

The legislation’s future is not clear. The bill hasn’t yet been considered by the House Ways and Means and Senate Finance Committees.

Larson also proposed the Social Security 2100 Act, which would be a broad overhaul of the program in order to restore its solvency to the year 2100.

Reference: CNBC (December 9, 2019) “Millions of Americans aren’t receiving Social Security statements in the mail. A new bill aims to change that”

What Will New Acts of Congress Mean for Stretch IRAs?

The SECURE and RESA acts are currently being considered in Congress. These acts may impact stretch IRAs. A stretch IRA is an estate planning strategy that extends the tax-deferred condition of an inherited IRA, when it is passed to a non-spouse beneficiary. This strategy lets the account continue tax-deferred growth over a long period of time.

If a parent doesn’t need her Required Minimum Distributions, does it make sense to do a gradual Roth IRA conversion and use the RMDs to pay taxes on the conversion? Or should the parent invest the RMDs in a brokerage account?

There are several options in this situation, according to nj.com’s recent article, “With Stretch IRAs on the way out, how can I plan for my children’s inheritance?”

Congress is considering legislation with the SECURE and RESA Acts, that would eliminate the ability of children to create a stretch IRA, one that would let them to stretch distributions from the inherited IRA over their lifetimes.

Under the proposed SECURE and RESA Acts under consideration, the maximum deferral period will be 10 years. If the beneficiary is a minor, the period would be 10 years or age 21.

The best planning strategy for a parent would depend on her overall finances and what she wants for her children’s inheritance.

The conversion to a Roth may be a good planning move, depending on her tax bracket. Putting the money in a brokerage account is also an option.

A parent may also want to think about using the RMD proceeds to purchase a life insurance policy held by an irrevocable trust for the benefit of her children.

It’s best to contact an experienced estate planning attorney, so he or she can review the details of the parent’s finances and help her choose the best options for her situation.

Reference: nj.com (October 15, 2019) “With Stretch IRAs on the way out, how can I plan for my children’s inheritance?”

How Will New Legislation Update Social Security?

People with disabilities who receive Supplemental Security Income would be allowed to keep a few more assets and wouldn’t be penalized for marrying under a new proposal, according to Disability Scoop’s recent article, “Lawmakers Look To Update SSI Program.”

Right now, in order to retain benefits, SSI recipients generally can have no more than $2,000 to their name at any given time. However, Congress is looking to significantly increase that ceiling, with a bill introduced this month that would increase SSI’s asset limit to $10,000 for an individual and $20,000 for couples.

The Supplemental Security Income Restoration Act would also increase the amount of disregarded income that beneficiaries can collect monthly.

The bill would also repeal penalties for marrying or receiving financial, food, and housing assistance from family members.

Supporters of the Act say it’s time to update Social Security’s SSI program, which has remained largely static since 1972.

“This issue is one I have heard about directly from autism advocates and families in our district, particularly parents preparing for children with disabilities to transition into adulthood,” said Rep. Elissa Slotkin, D-Mich., who introduced the measure along with Rep. Raúl Grijalva, D-Ariz.

“This bill brings the Supplemental Security Income (SSI) program’s outdated limits up to speed with inflation—a common-sense adjustment that will make a huge difference for individuals and families caring for someone with disabilities.”

Reference: Disability Scoop (September 23, 2019) “Lawmakers Look To Update SSI Program”

What is Florida Doing to Protect Seniors from Exploitative or Neglectful Guardians?

Orlando Sentinel’s recent article, “DeSantis, Florida lawmakers consider changes in troubled guardianship program,” reports that legislative leaders and officials of Governor Ron DeSantis’ administration met with judges, guardianship trade groups, state attorneys and people from the Elder Law section of the Florida Bar to talk about ways to protect seniors from exploitative or neglectful guardians.

“More must be done to enhance the structure of accountability for guardians to monitor compliance with established standards of practice and ensure that guardians are acting in the best interests of their wards,” Department of Elder Affairs Secretary Richard Prudom said. “The matter is complex, and the solution extends beyond the Department of Elder Affairs; families, local communities, and public officials must also work together to prevent all forms of exploitation to provide safety and security for all.”

The recent news concerning guardian Rebecca Fierle, who investigators say was responsible for more than 400 wards and regularly signed “Do Not Resuscitate” orders for clients against their wishes, has rekindled interest among lawmakers for more control over Florida’s 550 registered guardians.

Senator Kathleen Passidomo and Representative Colleen Burton participated in the meeting and said some of the ideas being discussed include limiting the number of cases each guardian has and requiring a judge to approve a DNR order. Other ideas include increased standards for guardians and more thorough monitoring.

The lawmakers say there’s no need to increase the requirements to become a guardian. All that is required now is a 40-hour course and passing an exam. Passidomo said the issue isn’t a lack of competence, but the risk for abuse.

As a result, standards and monitoring of guardians must be increased. However, these ideas are merely being discussed, as lawmakers have yet to present a concrete plan.

Governor DeSantis will publish a budget request for the Department of Elder Affairs, which includes the Office of Public and Professional Guardians, which could include more funds for investigators to review complaints. The OPPG has only four employees. Prudom has taken control of the department since July, when he asked Carol Berkowitz, the agency’s executive director, to resign because of the Fierle case.

Reference: Orlando Sentinel (September 16, 2019) “DeSantis, Florida lawmakers consider changes in troubled guardianship program”

Arizona Passes Financial Exploitation Legislation

The Queen Creek Independent reports in the article “New Arizona law helps protect vulnerable adults, seniors from financial exploitation” that Senate Bill 1483 went into effect at the end of August.

The new law lets securities dealers and investment advisory firms report suspected or attempted financial exploitation of a vulnerable adult and delay a questionable disbursement or transaction.

The new law lets these financial firms impose an initial delay of disbursements from an eligible adult’s account for up to fifteen business days, if financial exploitation is suspected.

The firms must report the delay within two business days to the Commission or the Department of Economic Security—Adult Protective Services. The government can then extend the delay for an additional ten days or longer.

If additional delay is required, a judge can extend the time even further.

It’s important to note that the law provides immunity from administrative or civil liability to qualified individuals for taking preventative actions that are permitted under the law.

The 2010 Investor Protection Trust Elder Fraud Survey reports that one out of every five citizens over the age of 65 has been a victim of financial fraud.

Arizona’s new law aims to help protect individuals who are over 65 years old or who are unable to protect themselves from abuse, neglect, or exploitation by others, due to a physical or mental impairment.

“Protecting senior investors has long been a top priority for the Corporation Commission,” Arizona Corporation Commission Chairman Bob Burns said in a news release.

“Early detection and reporting of financial exploitation are critical to help prevent elder financial abuse and the devastating financial and emotional impacts that ensue.”

Reference: Queen Creek Independent (September 16, 2019) “New Arizona law helps protect vulnerable adults, seniors from financial exploitation”

How Will a New Illinois Law Protect Seniors?

In an attempt to protect senior citizens to a greater degree, a bill by Illinois State Senator Rachelle Crowe (D-Glen Carbon) to deny inheritance to anyone convicted of assaulting their elderly family members was signed into law recently.

Wealth Advisor’s recent article, “New Illinois law denies inheritance to those who abuse elderly family members,” says with the current Elder Abuse and Neglect Act, an individual who is convicted of financial exploitation, abuse, or neglect of an elderly person is prohibited from benefitting from the victim’s estate.

Senator Crowe’s proposed legislation broadens the law to include assault, aggravated assault, battery, and aggravated battery against anyone over the age of 60.

“It’s disheartening that we need legislation such as this to prevent family members from taking advantage of their elders,” Crowe said.

“Seniors are targeted every day for their estate, and I’m proud to put this legislation forward to prevent abusers from benefitting after committing this serious crime.”

“Every day, we see the devastating effects of abuse of senior citizens, often by family members,” said Tom Gibbons, Madison County State’s Attorney. “I’m thankful to Senator Crowe and our legislators passing this important measure to prevent abusers from profiting from their abuse.”

Crowe has worked on other protective legislation for the elderly. She has created Illinois’ Elder Abuse Task Force. The state senator plans to be a member of the task force and to study senior mistreatment and protective services and laws. The task force will then report the findings back to officials.

“We hope not to merely punish cruelty, but to deter it with this law,” said Crowe. “The message for abusers should be clear: You get nothing.”

House Bill 347 passed the Senate and awaits the governor’s signature to become law. It would go into effect on January 1, 2020.

Reference: Wealth Advisor (August 6, 2019) “New Illinois law denies inheritance to those who abuse elderly family members”

Minnesota Finally Sets Up Licensing System For Assisted Living Centers

A major set of reforms has passed in the Minnesota legislature that covers how assisted care facilities operate.

Although the state’s nursing homes have been licensed for many years, Minnesota was the sole remaining state that did not license its assisted living facilities.

WCCO’s recent article, “Minn. Legislature Approves Licensing System For Assisted Living Centers” reported that on the Senate floor, Senator Karin Housley made some personal comments, when discussing the piece of legislation that will help 40,000 Minnesotans currently in assisted living.

“Sen. Pappas lost her mother to Alzheimer’s. I lost my mother to Alzheimer’s,” Housley said.

The legislation will require assisted living facilities to be licensed by August 2021.

“I just got all choked up because I saw our parents smiling down on us,” Housley said. “It’s going to make a huge difference.”

The legislation has two levels of licensing, one is for assisted living facilities, and the other is for those facilities that provide dementia care.

Amanda Vickstrom, Executive Director of the Minnesota Elder Justice Center, commented that the bill is badly needed.

“Someone with dementia or Alzheimer’s—their needs are going to be higher,” Vickstrom said. “The assisted living licensing structure is really critical, and then some consumer protections, some retaliation protections that sort of level the playing field.”

In addition, the law permits families to put a hidden camera in an assisted living facility beginning in January 2020, if abuse or neglect is suspected (for a period of 14 days). After 14 days, a family will be required to reveal the camera to a state ombudsman. However, they can still leave the camera in the room.

The legislature has earmarked $30 million for the state government to create the licensing system.

Minnesota Governor Tim Walz has indicated that he will sign the law.

Reference: WCCO (May 20, 2019) “Minn. Legislature Approves Licensing System For Assisted Living Centers”

How Does Washington State Plan to Streamline Its Guardianship Process?

Public News Service’s recent article, “Guardianship Process to Be Streamlined in WA,” quotes Sterling Harders, president of Service Employees International Union 775, who says her union represents thousands of parents who care for children with intellectual and developmental disabilities.

Harders remarked that she’s heard from members that the road to guardianship was complex and expensive, when their children turned 18.

In addition, the guardianship process also differs from county to county.

Two bills in Washington state address these issues, which will ease some of the burden for parents.

"Life is difficult enough for these folks having to take care of special needs kids,” she states. “They don't need one more thing to worry about, and so we are really hopeful that these two bills will make life just a little easier for parent providers."

The Uniform Guardianship Act, Senate Bill 5604, is designed to standardize the guardianship process through Washington’s 39 counties and create a monitoring system and model training program. The bill currently is on the governor's desk.

The bill requires a background check on an agent of a guardian who provides services to the individual subject to a guardianship or conservatorship. It also requires a court hearing to resolve allegations in a grievance against a guardian or conservator.

The second bill is House Bill 1329. It creates alternatives to full legal guardianship. The bill was signed in April and goes into effect at the end of July.

In Washington, there are professional guardians, public guardians and lay guardians. A one-size-fits-all law for guardianship does not work well for families, whose children have different disabilities.

"In today's world, you're either an incapacitated person or you're a person that is not incapacitated with full legal rights, and creating an opportunity for there to be some different options within that continuum, I think, is very important," one parent of disabled children said.

Reference: Public News Service (May 16, 2019) “Guardianship Process to Be Streamlined in WA”